# Panama domain law: what applies to your domain

> Panama domain law in one page: Constitution arts. 29, 42, 44, Law 81 of 2019, exequatur, Law 478 of 2025, treaties. What it means for a crypto, no-KYC domain.

- URL: https://panamaregistrar.com/panama-domain-law/
- Last updated: 2026-10-19
- Publisher: PanamaRegistrar (https://panamaregistrar.com)

Every Panamanian text that bears on a domain registered with us, article by article, with its official source and date. Then what it means for you, and where it stops.

**Quick answer — What is Panama domain law, for a PanamaRegistrar domain?**

Panama domain law, for a **PanamaRegistrar** domain, has four layers: the Constitution (articles 29, 42 and 44), personal data Law 81 of 2019, exequatur of foreign judgments under Law 61 of 2015, and cybercrime Law 478 of 2025. As of October 2026, no Panamanian statute sets a private notice-and-takedown procedure for domains or websites.

## Panama domain law at a glance

| Attribute | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Operator | DomaineGoat LLC, a company incorporated in Panama; domains registered through an ICANN-accredited registrar partner |
| Privacy of communications | Constitution art. 29: interception only by order of a judicial authority |
| Personal data | Law 81 of 2019, in force since 29 March 2021, supervised by ANTAI; bulk requests never admitted (art. 24) |
| Foreign judgments | Bind only after exequatur by the Sala Cuarta of the Supreme Court (Law 61 of 2015, arts. 155–157) |
| Notice-and-takedown | None found in copyright Law 64 of 2012; intermediaries are liable only after actual knowledge (Law 51 of 2008, arts. 87–91) |
| Cybercrime | Law 478 of 4 August 2025: Penal Code arts. 184–185 and 289-A to 292-A; procedure arts. 338-A to 338-D |
| Telecom data retention | Law 51 of 2009: six months, for telecom operators; registrars are not named |
| Treaties | Budapest Convention (Panama: 1 July 2014), US–Panama MLAT (6 September 1995), OAS letters rogatory (B-36) |

## Which law applies to a domain registered with PanamaRegistrar?

Several sets of rules apply at once, and each one covers a different copy of the registration.

- **Panamanian law governs us.** DomaineGoat LLC is a company incorporated in Panama. Our Panamanian rules govern what DomaineGoat LLC does with your account, the data it holds and the complaints sent to it, and Panamanian courts decide what we must do.
- **The registry's law governs the registry's copy.** Verisign, which runs .com and .net, is in the United States. DENIC, which runs .de, is in Germany.
- **ICANN's contracts bind every accredited registrar** for generic domains, wherever it is based. Our domains are registered through our ICANN-accredited registrar partner, shown in the RDAP record, which keeps its own legal duties and answers to the courts of its own country.

This page covers the first layer. Each text is cited from its official source, with article numbers, so that you can check it yourself. The policy that follows from it fits in one line: we act on Panamanian court orders, not on unverified complaints.

## What does the Constitution of Panama say about private data?

It protects private papers and communications, and only an authority can lift that protection. Three articles matter to a domain holder. The text used is the consolidated Constitution in Gaceta Oficial No. 25176 (November 2004).

- **Article 29.** Private correspondence and documents may be examined or retained only by order of a competent authority, for specific purposes. Private communications may be intercepted or recorded only by order of a judicial authority. Evidence obtained in breach of the article cannot be used.
- **Article 42.** Everyone may access, correct, protect and delete their personal data. Such data may be collected only for specific purposes, with the holder's consent or by order of a competent authority.
- **Article 44.** The habeas data action lets a person ask a court to have data corrected, updated, deleted or kept confidential. It reaches private registers held by businesses that serve the public.

Article 43 is sometimes quoted on this subject. It concerns access to public information, not personal data. The National Assembly has warned that the 2004 consolidated text may differ in places from the adopted text. A lawyer checks the reform acts before quoting it in court.

## How does Law 81 of 2019 protect a domain holder's data?

Law 81 of 26 March 2019 is Panama's personal data protection law, and it governs the records a registrar keeps. It was published in Gaceta Oficial No. 28743-A on 29 March 2019. Article 47 set its entry into force two years after promulgation: **29 March 2021**. Executive Decree 285 of 28 May 2021 regulates it.

The regulator is the **Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (ANTAI)**. It hears complaints (art. 18), rules on inaccurate data (art. 17), keeps the register of transfers (art. 31) and imposes sanctions (art. 36).

Four articles decide when data may leave a controller such as us:

1. **Article 11** allows data to be used for a new purpose without consent when a public entity requires it for its legal functions, or by judicial order.
2. **Article 24** obliges controllers to hand to the competent judicial authorities the information duly requested. It adds that bulk requests are never admitted: "no admitiéndose en ningún caso solicitudes masivas".
3. **Article 33** lists lawful transfers: those provided for by a law or treaty (No. 3), those needed for the administration of justice (No. 7), and those made in international judicial cooperation (No. 8).
4. **Article 3(2)** puts processing by authorities for the investigation and prosecution of crimes outside the Law.

Our reading: article 11 permits a disclosure; it does not by itself compel one. Our policy follows the narrower path of article 24 and of binding Panamanian orders. A request for a list of customers is refused, whoever sends it.

## Can a foreign court order be enforced against a Panamanian registrar?

Only after a Panamanian court has recognised it, through the procedure called **exequatur**. The rules sit in Law 61 of 7 October 2015, Panama's Code of Private International Law (Gaceta Oficial No. 27885-A, 8 October 2015). It entered into force the day after promulgation (art. 163).

- **Article 155.** A final foreign judgment has the force that treaties give it. Without a treaty, it can be enforced unless the other State is shown not to enforce Panamanian judgments.
- **Article 156.** Four conditions. The foreign court was competent and did not encroach on exclusive Panamanian jurisdiction. The defendant was personally served and could defend. The judgment respects the fundamental principles of Panamanian public order. The copy is authentic and translated into Spanish. The judgment must also be final.
- **Article 157.** The application goes to the **Sala Cuarta de Negocios Generales** of the Supreme Court. The Court gives five days to the party bound by the judgment and to the Procurador General de la Nación. It may order protective measures.

The second condition matters for domain cases. Many foreign domain judgments are given in default, against a holder who was never served in person. On the wording of article 156, such a judgment fails that condition. The handling, step by step, is on the [court orders](https://panamaregistrar.com/court-orders/) page.

## Does Panama have a notice-and-takedown law like the DMCA?

No: we found no statutory notice-and-takedown procedure in Panama's copyright law. Law 64 of 10 October 2012 on copyright and related rights (Gaceta Oficial No. 27139-B) has no provision on internet intermediaries and no counter-notice. It gives rightholders court remedies and precautionary measures (arts. 175–178), ordered by a judge at their request. Its article 200 gives an entry-into-force date of 1 October 2012, nine days before the law's own date; we report it as written.

The United States–Panama Trade Promotion Agreement, in force since 31 October 2012, asks each party for such a regime (art. 15.11.27). It also allowed Panama to delay that article by up to three years (art. 15.13.2(m)). We found no later Panamanian law creating a private notice-and-takedown procedure. Our search is not proof that none exists.

Panamanian law does contain an intermediary-liability rule built on **actual knowledge**: Law 51 of 22 July 2008 on electronic documents and commerce (Gaceta Oficial No. 26090), articles 87 to 91.

- **Art. 87.** Once a competent authority has ordered a service interrupted or content removed, it may order an intermediary to suspend transmission, hosting or network access. The request goes, reasoned, through the Dirección General de Comercio Electrónico.
- **Arts. 88 and 89.** Mere transmission and caching.
- **Art. 90.** A host is not liable without actual knowledge ("conocimiento efectivo") that the stored activity or data is unlawful. Knowledge exists once a competent authority has declared the data unlawful, ordered its removal, and the provider knows of that decision.
- **Art. 91.** Links and search tools, on the same model.

Law 82 of 9 November 2012 amended many articles of Law 51 of 2008, but not articles 84 to 91. A private letter is not a declaration by a competent authority. That is the legal ground of our rule: copyright, defamation, political and competitor complaints need a Panamanian court decision.

## What did Law 478 of 2025 change for registrars?

Law 478 of 4 August 2025 rewrote Panama's cybercrime rules and gave prosecutors new data powers. It was published in Gaceta Oficial No. 30337 on 5 August 2025 and took effect on promulgation (art. 33). It amends the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure (CPP) and Law 11 of 2015 on international legal assistance in criminal matters.

**Penal Code.** Article 184 punishes producing or distributing child sexual abuse material. Article 185 punishes possession with five to ten years in prison, more when computer systems are used. Article 184-A covers grooming. The computer crimes include identity theft with computer data (289-A, five to ten years) and illegal interception (289-B). They also cover data and system interference (290, 290-A) and misuse of devices (292-A, which exempts lawful security work). Article 291 aggravates attacks on public bodies, banks, hospitals and critical infrastructure.

**Code of Criminal Procedure.** New tools for the Ministerio Público:

- **Art. 314-A**: search and seizure of stored data, including making it inaccessible.
- **Art. 338-A**: expedited preservation of data for up to 90 days, renewable; the custodian must keep the order confidential.
- **Art. 338-B**: preservation and partial disclosure of traffic data.
- **Art. 338-C**: production order. The Ministerio Público may order a person or company to supply computer data in its possession or control, including subscriber data.
- **Art. 338-D**: real-time collection, under CPP art. 311.

Article 1(3) defines a "service provider" broadly: any entity that lets users communicate through a computer system, or processes or stores data for them. A registrar operating from Panama is likely covered. That is our interpretation; the law does not name registrars.

So our disclosure rule reads: We release the data we hold only when Panamanian law requires it (a Panamanian court or prosecutor's order), or in a UDRP case. A Ministerio Público order under article 338-A or 338-C is such a prosecutor's order. We check it the same way as a court order, tell the customer unless the order forbids it, and count these orders separately in the [transparency report](https://panamaregistrar.com/transparency/).

## Does Panama's data retention law apply to domain registrars?

Not on its own terms: Law 51 of 18 September 2009 names telecom operators, not registrars. Article 1 lists telecom concessionaires, distributors, agents and resellers of mobile, fixed and trunk telephony, internet cafés, "infoplazas" and communication networks serving Panama. Domain registrars are absent from the list.

For the businesses it does cover, the law sets six months of retention, which a judicial authority may extend by six more (art. 6). Data goes to the Ministerio Público or a judicial authority for criminal investigations (art. 11). The Ministerio Público asks by reasoned resolution, subject to later judicial review (art. 12), with answers due in 5 or 15 working days (art. 13). Article 7 forbids interception of content. The law was published in Gaceta Oficial No. 26374 on 23 September 2009. We did not check whether a constitutional ruling has affected article 12 since.

## Which treaties let foreign authorities reach a registrar in Panama?

Four instruments carry foreign requests into Panama, and in each one a Panamanian authority takes the final step.

- **Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (ETS 185).** Panama deposited its accession on 5 March 2014, effective **1 July 2014** (UN Treaty Series, vol. 2993). Since Law 478, Law 11 of 2015 also provides for expedited preservation on foreign requests and a 24/7 contact point designated by the Procurador General.
- **Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the United States.** Signed in Panama on **11 April 1991**, approved by Panama's Law 20 of 22 July 1991, in force since **6 September 1995**.
- **Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory (OAS B-36).** Adopted in Panama City on 30 January 1975. Panama ratified it on 11 November 1975 and deposited it on 17 December 1975.
- **Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (OAS A-55).** Panama signed it on 23 May 1992 and approved it by Law 52 of 17 October 2001. Its reservation excludes acts that are not crimes in Panama. Its deposit date is not confirmed.

Civil judgments follow their own road: exequatur before the Sala Cuarta, above. The practical guide for police and prosecutors is on the [law enforcement](https://panamaregistrar.com/law-enforcement/) page.

## Timeline: the Panamanian texts behind our procedure

*Dates are those of the official texts cited in the sources below, checked on 19 October 2026.*

| Date | Text | What it does for a domain |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 30 Jan 1975 | Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory (B-36); Panama ratified 11 Nov 1975 | Carries foreign court requests to Panamanian courts |
| 11 Apr 1991 | US–Panama MLAT signed; approved by Law 20 of 22 July 1991; in force 6 Sep 1995 | Route for US criminal requests |
| Nov 2004 | Constitution, consolidated text (Gaceta Oficial 25176) | Art. 29 communications, art. 42 data rights, art. 44 habeas data |
| 22 Jul 2008 | Law 51 of 2008, e-commerce (Gaceta Oficial 26090) | Arts. 87–91: no intermediary liability without actual knowledge |
| 18 Sep 2009 | Law 51 of 2009, telecom retention (Gaceta Oficial 26374) | Six months of retention for telecom operators, not registrars |
| 10 Oct 2012 | Law 64 of 2012, copyright (Gaceta Oficial 27139-B) | Court remedies; no notice-and-takedown found |
| 31 Oct 2012 | US–Panama Trade Promotion Agreement in force | Art. 15.11.27 asks for a takedown regime; up to 3 years' delay allowed |
| 9 Nov 2012 | Law 82 of 2012 (Gaceta Oficial 27160) | Amends Law 51 of 2008, leaves arts. 84–91 untouched |
| 1 Jul 2014 | Budapest Convention takes effect for Panama | Preservation and cooperation between cybercrime authorities |
| 7 Oct 2015 | Law 61 of 2015, private international law (Gaceta Oficial 27885-A) | Arts. 155–157: exequatur before the Sala Cuarta |
| 26 Mar 2019 | Law 81 of 2019, personal data (Gaceta Oficial 28743-A) | In force 29 Mar 2021; art. 24 bars bulk requests |
| 28 May 2021 | Executive Decree 285 of 2021 (Gaceta Oficial 29296-A) | Regulates Law 81 of 2019 |
| 4 Aug 2025 | Law 478 of 2025, cybercrime (Gaceta Oficial 30337) | Penal Code 184–185, 289-A to 292-A; CPP 338-A to 338-D |

## What does Panamanian law mean for you as a domain holder?

Five practical rules follow from the texts above.

1. **A complaint is not an order.** A letter from a lawyer, a brand or a foreign agency creates no actual knowledge under Law 51 of 2008. We forward it to you, and the domain stays active unless a strict exception applies.
2. **Strict exceptions do not wait for a court.** Phishing, malware, botnets, child sexual abuse material and fraud that takes money from victims are suspended on a well-documented report. Most of these are also crimes under Penal Code articles 184–185 and 289-A to 292-A.
3. **Your data needs Panamanian process.** We release the data we hold only when Panamanian law requires it (a Panamanian court or prosecutor's order), or in a UDRP case; see [data disclosure](https://panamaregistrar.com/data-disclosure/).
4. **Foreign judgments need exequatur.** Until the Sala Cuarta recognises one, it does not bind us.
5. **You have rights against us too.** Articles 42 and 44 of the Constitution and Law 81 of 2019 let you access, correct and delete your data, through a complaint to ANTAI or a habeas data action.

The full procedure, with time limits, is on the [takedown procedure](https://panamaregistrar.com/takedown-procedure/) page. Prices for every extension, with or without [Domain protection](https://panamaregistrar.com/domain-protection/), are on the [price list](https://panamaregistrar.com/pricing/).

## What does Panamanian law not cover?

Panamanian law binds us; it does not bind the registry, our registrar partner, ICANN or your host. Three limits follow.

- **The registry applies its own law.** Each registry keeps its own copy of the registration, and a court in the registry's country can order it directly, with no Panamanian step. Verisign (.com, .net) is in the United States and DENIC (.de) in Germany. Every extension we sell is listed in the [registry jurisdiction index](https://panamaregistrar.com/registry-jurisdiction/).
- **ICANN duties apply through our accredited registrar partner.** It deposits registration data of generic domains with an escrow agent, ICANN can audit it, and trademark disputes follow the [UDRP and URS](https://panamaregistrar.com/udrp-and-urs/).
- **Hosting is someone else's business.** We register names; your website and its content sit with a host, under the law of the host's country.

This page is not about .pa domains. The .pa extension is run by the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, according to the IANA root database, and we do not sell it. For the cross-border cases, read [can a foreign court seize my domain?](https://panamaregistrar.com/guides/can-a-foreign-court-seize-my-domain/).

## Questions about Panamanian law and domains

### Is registering a domain through a Panamanian registrar legal?

Registering a domain with a registrar in Panama is an ordinary contract under Panamanian law. Whether a given use of the domain is lawful depends on what you do with it and on the law where you and your readers are. Panama does not make an unlawful activity lawful. The guide [is offshore domain registration legal?](https://panamaregistrar.com/guides/is-offshore-domain-registration-legal/) covers the question in detail.

### Does Panamanian law require a registrar to check my identity?

None of the Panamanian texts on this page requires a registrar to collect an identity document, and PanamaRegistrar asks for none. ICANN rules do require one verified email per domain, checked within 15 days of registration; it is the only contact data we collect. We keep that one address private. See [no-KYC domain registration](https://panamaregistrar.com/no-kyc-domain-registration/) for what the account involves.

### Can the Ministerio Público obtain my data without a judge?

Yes, within limits: Law 478 of 2025 lets the Ministerio Público order preservation (CPP art. 338-A) or production (art. 338-C) of computer data. Such an order binds us under Panamanian law and is subject to Panamanian legal rules. We check it like a court order, tell you unless it forbids that, and count it separately in the transparency report.

### Does a DMCA notice bind a Panamanian registrar?

The DMCA is a United States law, and we found no equivalent notice-and-takedown procedure in Panama's copyright Law 64 of 2012. Under Law 51 of 2008, an intermediary acquires actual knowledge only when a competent authority declares content unlawful. We forward a DMCA notice to the holder and take no action on the domain. Details: [DMCA notices](https://panamaregistrar.com/dmca-notices/).

### Who decides whether a foreign judgment applies in Panama?

The Sala Cuarta de Negocios Generales of the Supreme Court of Justice decides, under article 157 of Law 61 of 2015. It hears the party bound by the judgment and the Procurador General de la Nación, who each get five days. The judgment must meet the four conditions of article 156 and be final.

### Is there a Panamanian law that lets a ministry block a domain?

We found none as of October 2026: no 2025–2026 Panamanian law on domain names or on administrative website takedowns was identified. Law 51 of 2008, article 87, lets a competent authority that has already ordered content removed ask intermediaries to suspend access, through the Dirección General de Comercio Electrónico.

### Which authority supervises personal data in Panama?

ANTAI, the Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información, supervises Law 81 of 2019. It hears complaints from data subjects (art. 18), rules on inaccurate data (art. 17), keeps the register of transfers (art. 31) and imposes sanctions (art. 36). The Law has been in force since 29 March 2021.

### Does Panamanian law protect my domain against a registry abroad?

No. The registry of each extension keeps its own copy of the registration and answers to the courts of its own country. A United States court can order Verisign about a .com without passing through Panama. Choosing an extension whose registry sits in a country you are comfortable with matters as much as choosing the registrar. The .com and .net registries are thin and hold no registrant contact data.

## Official sources

1. [Constitución Política de la República de Panamá, Texto Único (arts. 29, 42–44)](https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/gacetas/25176_2004.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 25176 (November 2004, checked 2026-10-19)
2. [Ley 81 de 26 de marzo de 2019, sobre protección de datos personales (arts. 3, 6, 11, 17, 18, 24, 31, 33, 36, 47)](https://www.superbancos.gob.pa/documentos/sac/leyes/ley_2019_645_3008.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 28743-A (Legispan copy, Superintendencia de Bancos) (29 March 2019, checked 2026-10-19)
3. [Decreto Ejecutivo No. 285 de 28 de mayo de 2021, que reglamenta la Ley 81 de 2019](https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/29296_A/GacetaNo_29296a_20210528.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 29296-A (28 May 2021, checked 2026-10-19)
4. [Ley 61 de 7 de octubre de 2015, Código de Derecho Internacional Privado (arts. 155–157, 163)](https://s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa/legispan/NORMAS/2010/2015/LEY/Administrador%20Legispan_27885-A_2015_10_8_ASAMBLEA%20NACIONAL_61.pdf) — Asamblea Nacional (Legispan), Gaceta Oficial No. 27885-A (8 October 2015, checked 2026-10-19)
5. [Ley 64 de 10 de octubre de 2012, sobre Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos (arts. 175–178, 200)](https://s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa/legispan/NORMAS/2010/2012/LEY/Administrador%20Legispan_27139-B_2012_10_10_ASAMBLEA%20NACIONAL_64.pdf) — Asamblea Nacional (Legispan), Gaceta Oficial No. 27139-B (10 October 2012, checked 2026-10-19)
6. [United States–Panama Trade Promotion Agreement, Chapter 15 (arts. 15.11.27, 15.13.2)](https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Panama_FTA/Final_Text/asset_upload_file131_10350.pdf) — Office of the United States Trade Representative (signed 28 June 2007, in force 31 October 2012, checked 2026-10-19)
7. [Ley 51 de 22 de julio de 2008, documentos y firmas electrónicas y comercio electrónico (arts. 84–91)](https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Ley_No_51.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 26090 (Legispan copy, Ministerio Público) (24 July 2008, checked 2026-10-19)
8. [Ley 82 de 9 de noviembre de 2012 (art. 62, articles of Ley 51 de 2008 amended)](https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/27160/GacetaNo_27160_20121109.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 27160 (9 November 2012, checked 2026-10-19)
9. [Ley 51 de 18 de septiembre de 2009, conservación de datos de usuarios de telecomunicaciones (arts. 1, 6, 7, 11–13, 21)](https://s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa/legispan/NORMAS/2000/2009/LEY/Administrador%20Legispan_26374_2009_9_23_ASAMBLEA%20NACIONAL_51.pdf) — Asamblea Nacional (Legispan), Gaceta Oficial No. 26374 (23 September 2009, checked 2026-10-19)
10. [Ley 478 de 4 de agosto de 2025, medidas contra la ciberdelincuencia (Código Penal, Código Procesal Penal, Ley 11 de 2015)](https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/30337/GacetaNo_30337_20250805.pdf) — Gaceta Oficial No. 30337 (5 August 2025, checked 2026-10-19)
11. [Convention on Cybercrime, accession of Panama (UNTS vol. 2993, A-40916)](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202993/volume-2993-A-40916.pdf) — United Nations Treaty Series (registered 24 June 2014, checked 2026-10-19)
12. [Panama (95-906) – Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty](https://2021-2025.state.gov/panama-95-906-mutual-legal-assistance-treaty) — US Department of State (signed 11 April 1991, in force 6 September 1995, checked 2026-10-19)
13. [Senate Executive Report 104-3, Treaty with Panama on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters](https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/erpt3/CRPT-104erpt3.pdf) — US Congress (5 May 1995, checked 2026-10-19)
14. [Panama: submission on criminal accountability (Law 20 of 1991, Law 52 of 2001)](https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/gov_comments/pdfs/criminal_accountability/2012/english/panama.pdf) — United Nations, Sixth Committee (2012, checked 2026-10-19)
15. [Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory (B-36), status table](https://www.justice.gov/civil/common/oija/documents/service/Inter-American%20Convention%20Declarations.pdf) — US Department of Justice, Office of International Judicial Assistance (2008, checked 2026-10-19)
16. [.pa domain delegation record](https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/pa.html) — IANA Root Zone Database (updated 2026-09-29, checked 2026-10-19)

> **This is not legal advice** This page summarises Panamanian texts as we read them on 19 October 2026, to explain our own procedure. It does not tell you whether your use of a domain is lawful in Panama or elsewhere. For a decision about your case, ask a lawyer admitted in the country concerned.

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PanamaRegistrar: PanamaRegistrar is a domain registration service under Panamanian jurisdiction, paid in crypto with no ID upload: we act on Panamanian court orders, not on unverified complaints.